2021 RAM 2500

8 recalls, 162 complaints - 591 TSBs

AIR BAGS:FRONTAL

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2021-2022 Ram 1500, Ram 2500, Ram 3500, Ram 4500, and Ram 5500 vehicles. The steering column control module may cause the driver's side air bag not to deploy as intended. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle... Read more

Consequence

A driver's side air bag that does not deploy as intended increases the risk of injury in a crash.

Remedy

Dealers will replace the steering column control module, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed beginning December 11, 2025. Owners may contact Chrysler customer service at 800-853-1403. Chrysler's number for this recall is 14C. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this ... Read more

532 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING:RELAYS/SOLENOIDS

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Ram 2500, 3500, 3500 Cab Chassis, and 4500, 5500 Cab Chassis vehicles equipped with a Cummins 6.7L Turbo Diesel engine. An electrical short may occur in the heater grid relay with the ignition on or off.

Consequence

An electrical short in the relay can result in an engine compartment fire with the ignition on or off, increasing the risk of injury.

Remedy

Owners are advised to park outside and away from structures until the recall repair is complete. Dealers will replace the relay, free of charge. This will be a Phased campaign. Phase 1 will include 2023 model year vehicles. FCA US will notify dealers on or about 3/23/2023 and begin notifying own... Read more

302,067 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

STRUCTURE:BODY:TAILGATE:HINGE AND ATTACHMENTS

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2019-2022 Ram 1500, 2500, and 3500 pickup trucks. The tailgate may not latch properly due to misaligned tailgate strikers, which could result in the tailgate opening while driving.

Consequence

An unintended tailgate opening while driving may result in a loss of unsecured cargo, possibly creating a road hazard and increasing the risk of a crash.

Remedy

Dealers will inspect the tailgate striker alignment to the box latch and adjust, if necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 22, 2022. Owners may contact FCA US, LLC customer service at 1-800-853-1403. FCA US, LLC's number for this recall is ZB8.

1,224,078 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

Defect Description

FCA US, LLC (Chrysler) is recalling certain 2020-2023 Ram 2500 and 2020-2022 Ram 3500 vehicles. A build-up of pressure and heat inside the transmission may result in a transmission fluid leak from the dipstick tube.

Consequence

Leaking transmission fluid may contact an ignition source within the engine compartment, increasing the risk of a fire.

Remedy

Dealers will replace the transmission dipstick and transmission vent assembly, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 29, 2022. Owners may contact FCA US, LLC customer service at 1-800-853-1403. Chrysler's number for this recall is ZA3.

250,079 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK/TRACTION CONTROL/ELECTRONIC LIMITED SLIP:CONTROL UNIT/MODULE

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2019-2022 Ram 2500 and 2021-2022 Dodge Durango vehicles, and 2019-2022 3500 cab chassis with GVWR less than 10,000 lbs. The ABS control module software may prevent the electronic stability control (ESC) malfunction indicator light from illuminating during... Read more

Consequence

An ESC malfunction indicator light that fails to illuminate during an electronic stability control problem can increase the risk of a crash.

Remedy

Dealers will update the ABS control module software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 29, 2022. Owners may contact FCA US, LLC customer service at 1-800-853-1403. FCA US, LLC's number for this recall is Z20.

370,437 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

AIR BAGS:SIDE/WINDOW:CURTAIN

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2021-2022 Ram 2500, Ram 3500, and 2021 Ram 1500 Classic pickup trucks. The side air bag inflatable curtain (SABIC) assemblies may have been manufactured with the incorrect amount of compressed gas, which can result in an improper air bag deployment.

Consequence

An air bag that deploys improperly can increase the risk of injury in a crash.

Remedy

Dealers will replace the SABIC assemblies, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed January 17, 2022. Owners may contact FCA US, LLC customer service at 1-800-853-1403. FCA US, LLC's number for this recall is Y99.

376 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING:RELAYS/SOLENOIDS

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2021-2022 Ram 3500, 2500 pickup trucks, and Ram 3500, 4500, and 5500 cab chassis vehicles equipped with Cummins 6.7L Turbo Diesel engines. An electrical short in the relay may cause a vehicle fire with the ignition on or off.

Consequence

A vehicle fire increases the risk of injury.

Remedy

Owners are advised to park these vehicles outside of buildings or structures, and not near other vehicles, until the vehicle has been remedied. Dealers will inspect and, if needed, replace the Solid State Intake Heater Grid Relay ("Relay"); if FCA US Recall ID Y08 (NHTSA Recall ID 21V-163) is open,... Read more

131,177 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Defect Description

Chrysler (FCA US, LLC) is recalling certain 2021 Ram 2500, 3500, and 3500, 4500, and 5500 Cab Chassis vehicles equipped with a Cummins 6.7L Turbo Diesel engine. An electrical short may occur in the Solid State Intake Heater Grid Relay, which could result in a vehicle fire.

Consequence

A vehicle fire increases the risk of injury.

Remedy

Dealers will inspect and, if needed, replace the Solid State Intake Heater Grid Relay ("Relay"); if FCA US Recall ID Y08 (NHTSA Recall ID 21V-163) is open, then insulating material will be applied to the Relay after inspection. Customers are advised to not park these vehicles inside of buildings or... Read more

19,214 vehicles affected

Manufacturer: Chrysler (FCA US, LLC)

Complaint Statistics

162 total complaints 9 crashes 5 fires 6 injuries

Top Reported Components

Component	Complaints
POWER TRAIN	24
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM	19
ENGINE	18
UNKNOWN OR OTHER	14
FUEL/PROPULSION SYSTEM	10
STEERING	10
SERVICE BRAKES	6
FORWARD COLLISION AVOIDANCE: AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING	5
STRUCTURE:BODY	5
AIR BAGS	4

Incident date: Aug 13, 2026

I am writing to formally follow up regarding complaint/case number 97989810 through Dodge and to request that this matter be elevated for a complete technical review concerning my 2021 Ram 2500 6.7L Cummins, VIN [XXX]. Time - Line PRIOR FACTORY-WARRANTY REPAIR The XXX factory-warranty repair is an... Read more

Incident date: Aug 13, 2026

Incident date: Oct 24, 2025

There is a known issue with the Ram Power Wagon locking differential system where the electronic locking differential wiring harness will fault one of three ways. The first being that the wiring harness is two short so when the rear axle articulates there isn't enough slack therefore causing the plu... Read more

Incident date: Aug 26, 2025

Vehicle steering wheel would eventually seize up, then snap out while driving on all types of roads, causing the whole car to jerk left or right. Happens at all speeds on any road type Upon inspection from Schofield Honda in Wichita KS, they determined that it was the electronic power steering modu... Read more

Incident date: Aug 26, 2025

The AIS system does not start back up at a light. Sometimes throws itself into park. Last week it started up, but everything shut down about 75 after the traffic light. The entire car loss all power. In the middle of traffic. Needed a policeman to wave cars around e in the middle of the street. Too... Read more

Incident date: Jul 1, 2024

The contact owns a 2014 Ford F-150. The contact stated that while driving 70 MPH, the rear wheels locked up, causing the contact to lose control of the vehicle, and the vehicle stopped suddenly. The contact regained control of the vehicle after 3 attempts. The contact stated that there was no warnin... Read more

Incident date: Jul 19, 2026

The right rear seatbelt keep’s going into alarm over and over like someone is unplugging it and plugging back in. The alarm is persistent no matter who sits in the seat. It flashes on the dashboard and the audible alarm sounds most if not the whole car ride every day.

Incident date: Feb 13, 2026

The high pressure fuel pump has failed on this vehicle. This is a known problem for vehicles between 2017 and 2020 and has not been adequately addressed by the corporation.

Incident date: Apr 28, 2026

There's a knocking or clicking sound when I turn, and sometimes when I'm not turning. It seems to be coming from the front left wheel area.

Incident date: Dec 26, 2025

I was driving my vehicle on a freeway with 3 passengers when i heard a muffled pop or thud from behind me. A rear passenger confirmed that it came from beneath the rear seat towards the left side of the car. The vehicle speed immediately dropped to less than 40 mph and a warning message appeared... Read more

Incident date: Dec 26, 2025

Incident date: Mar 20, 2026

The vehicle experiences a transmission/drivetrain defect involving delayed gear engagement, hesitation, and apparent slipping. When accelerating from a complete stop (especially onto an incline) the engine RPM increases but the vehicle fails to accelerate as expected. The vehicle jerks and shakes vi... Read more

Incident date: Mar 20, 2026

Incident date: Mar 2, 2026

Multiple safety systems on my 2019 Honda Odyssey Elite have simultaneously failed, including LKAS, ACC, Collision Mitigation Braking System, Auto High-Beam Headlights, and other driver-assist features. The dashboard displays warnings for nearly every safety-related system, and the vehicle disables t... Read more

Incident date: Jan 26, 2026

The engine light came on while driving, saying “engine power reduced”. It barely accelerates, RPMs go over 5, it chugs when driving. Taken to an independent service center.

Incident date: Dec 27, 2025

Shortly after parking car in garage and with garage door left open for ~ five minutes before closing, a strong fuel smell filled garage [where there are no other fuel sources]. Thoroughly inspected floor, on hands and knees, under car and there was no liquid on the floor. Toxic fuel smell unsafe f... Read more

Incident date: Jan 2, 2026

The heating steering wheel had an electrical short in the heating element where it began to melt the rubber of the steering wheel and start smoking. This became very hot where it could burn my hand. I was forced to pull over immediately to diagnose the problem before anything else could burn. The sm... Read more

Incident date: Jan 2, 2026

Incident date: Jun 10, 2025

The contact owns a 2018 Honda Accord. The contact stated that when the vehicle was started and shifted to drive(D), the traction control and an unknown warning light were illuminated. The contact stated that the "Hill Start Assist Failure – Vehicle Might Roll Upon Brake Release” and “See Deale... Read more

Incident date: Jun 10, 2025

My car caught fire, and it fits the description of the recall from other 2017 rogues but wasn't not listed on the recall list. They are fixing the body harness, and it was an electrical fire

Fire

Incident date: Apr 1, 2025

The contact owns a 2016 Ford Explorer. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 24V031000 (Structure); however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount of time for the recall repair. The deal... Read more

Incident date: Sep 19, 2025

When I’m driving, especially when I come to a stop or when I try to accelerate from a stop, the car kind of chokes or hesitates. It feels like it’s about to stall, but it doesn’t fully turn off. It keeps doing this off and on when I stop or try to go again. It's very scary and dangerous.

Incident date: Sep 1, 2025

I was driving down 776 (a busy highway)Blazer completely shut off, so scary almost got hit by a semi, I don’t know how he managed to get around me , I jumped out of car! Sure thought it was my day to die! Called police for help! Had it towed home then to garage , was told it was the electrical fu... Read more

Incident date: Sep 1, 2025

The car has excessive play in the steering causing much vibrations in the seat and steering wheel while driving, the slightest movement will send you all over the road and presents itself extremely jerky and unstable handling. It should not have this much play in the steering. I see multiple complai... Read more

Incident date: May 1, 2025

Rear wheel locked at 40 mph and power cutoff while on a highway on ramp (soft right turn) making the rear wheel slide to the right, causing my passenger and I to fall off the bike hurting our left extremities (legs, arms, wrists, elbows, shoulders) as it slid and ended on its left side on the right ... Read more

Crash 2 injured

Incident date: Jun 19, 2025

I just bought auction, Door was crash, I had it fix Wheel sight now are good. My name is [XXX] [XXX] . INFORMATION REDACTED PURSUANT TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552(B)(6)

Crash

Incident date: Jun 1, 2024

I had taken my car in while it was under warranty for my motor the car wouldn’t move at all or start. They said it was a cylinder so they replaced the one cylinder and didn’t check any others. Just recently in January 2025 I took it back to the dealer for the same issues and they told me I need ... Read more

Incident date: Jun 5, 2025

The contact owns a 2016 Ford Fusion. The contact stated while the vehicle was parked, the steering wheel failed to function as intended. The contact stated that the assist fault error and an unknown warning light was illuminated. The vehicle was towed to the dealer where it was diagnosed with steeri... Read more

Incident date: May 30, 2025

I have a 2021 Acura RDX A-spec AW and ever since I had a brakes problem, when applying brakes will not take break promptly kept slipping like going I address this to the dealer numerous time and what they said is that they haven’t had a recall in order to know what really the problem is I think is... Read more

Incident date: Apr 17, 2025

Fuel leak from factory fuel pump housing

Incident date: Apr 30, 2025

After recall 24S37 was performed on my Ford F-150 to address potential sudden downshifting to first gear, my truck began experiencing serious transmission issues that had never occurred prior. The recall required PCM reprogramming, and immediately afterward, the vehicle started hard shifting and une... Read more

Incident date: Feb 25, 2025

The contact owns a 2016 GMC Sierra 1500. The contact stated that while driving at an undisclosed speed and making a sharp turn, the steering wheel seized, the vehicle lost motive power, stalled, and shut off. The vehicle was taken to a local dealer where the vehicle was diagnosed and the contact was... Read more

Incident date: Jan 2, 2025

My Advance Driving assist (FSD for Tesla) stop working randomly. Adaptive Cruse control stoped working, forward collision stopped working. Backup camera randomly disconnect when parking. All of this happened right after a software update. I have contacted Tesla several times. They quoted me $2,6... Read more

Incident date: Nov 13, 2024

Hankook Dynapro HT 205/75R16C We found out when we were having the oil changed. Both front tires have steel fibers showing on 14,882 miles. Lucky we weren't on the highway. I would never have guessed that 1.5 year old tires would be this worn. Properly inflated, by the way.

Incident date: Dec 2, 2024

DRIVING DOWN THE ROAD BOTH HEADLIGHTS WENT OUT WHILE DRIVING. NOT PARK LIGHTS JUST HEADLIGHTS. HAD TO DRIVE ALL THE WAY HOME WITH NO HEADLIGHTS. CALLED DEALERSHIP THEY SAID MY VIN DIDNOT HAVE A RECALL. IT WAS SOME 2015 BUT NOT MINE. THESE HEADLIGHTS ARE FAULTY. MY 2015 WORK CRUISER IS DOING THE EXAC... Read more

Incident date: Nov 15, 2024

My car has 123,000 done everything by book. Been report issues for over yr. Car almost got my killed by not stopping, turning, jerking on Accelerating and decelerating when shifting. All my motor mounts, transmission mount busted , messed up suspension control arm, ball joints, struts , axle, brakes... Read more

Incident date: Dec 11, 2024

While performing a low speed left hand turn the vehicle’s adaptive cruise control system falsely detected an imminent crash triggering the auto braking system and subsequently malfunctioned to release the vehicle’s side curtain airbags on both the passenger and driver side. The police were call... Read more

Incident date: Dec 11, 2024

Incident date: Oct 17, 2024

I noticed the camper was not pulling straight pulled over a found the spring hangers for leaf springs had broken and others bent and frame was bent. The camper has a correct track system from Lippert co. And now from past problems was discontinued due to failures a video is out on you tube showing t... Read more

Incident date: Jul 7, 2024

After having the car serviced to fix the recall, my car stopped running while on the freeway at 60mph. This is now the 3rd time in less than 10 days that this has happened. I had the transmission replaced previously to fix this issue but it has returned.

Incident date: Feb 27, 2024

The component That failed. Was the engine the engine blew at 120ish thousand miles. The problem has been taken to a dealer as well as an independent service station. Both confirmed that the engine blew because one of the Pistons exploded. Both confirmed that there is no reason for this. Other than i... Read more

Incident date: Jun 24, 2024

All Wheel Drive module is malfunctioning. AWD needs serviced light came on. Upon further research it appears that AWF modules that were manufactured at the facility where mine was manufactured, were recalled for dates within 2 days of mine being manufactured. Based on internet searches, it seems thi... Read more

Incident date: Jun 10, 2024

UNKNOWN

Incident date: Jun 1, 2022

issues with (i'm guessing transmission) vehicle lurching forward when applying brakes, as if brakes aren't being applied at all. I was in traffic and trying to stop, and multiple times while my car tried to switch gears it lurched me forward and almost into the car in front of me. I'm now having to ... Read more

Incident date: Jun 7, 2024

The Electric Power Steering failed while I was driving on the highway. I had to drive with a stiff steering wheel all the way home. It was a hazard to me and other drivers on the road. This problem has been reported by multiple other Ram owners. There was a warning signal when the EPS failed.

Incident date: May 17, 2024

The contact owns a 2018 Honda CR-V. The contact received notification of NHTSA Campaign Number: 23V858000 (Fuel System, Gasoline) however, the part to do the recall repair was not yet available. The local dealer was contacted. The contact stated that the manufacturer had exceeded a reasonable amount... Read more

Incident date: May 10, 2024

Unintended sudden aggressive acceleration when I made a right as I was slowly pulling into a spot in the parking lot. Breast’s did not work fast enough and car ended up going up the hill and front colliding with it.

Crash

Incident date: Mar 1, 2024

The contact owns a 2024 BMW IX. The contact stated that there was a software and connectivity failure. The contact stated that the Bluetooth Car Play system, GPS navigation, and electrical systems failed to remain connected. Additionally, occasionally the systems failed to connect. There were no war... Read more

Showing 50 of 162 complaints.

NHTSA Safety Ratings, 2021 RAM 2500

2021 Ram 2500 Mega PU/EC 4WD

Category	Rating
Rollover	3 / 5 ★★★☆☆
Rollover Risk	29.2%

Safety Technology

Feature	Status
Electronic Stability Control	Standard
Forward Collision Warning	Optional
Lane Departure Warning	No

Source: NHTSA 5-Star Safety Ratings Program. Ratings are based on crash tests conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Technical Service Bulletins, 2021 RAM 2500

591 manufacturer communications from 242 unique bulletins. TSBs describe known problems and recommended fixes from the manufacturer.

Most Affected Components

Component	Bulletins
110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM	87
350000 EQUIPMENT	38
280000 BACK OVER PREVENTION	35
070000 FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE	33
353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.	30
060000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING	25
353000 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL	25
160000 STRUCTURE	21

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Update from QR39.82F to QR40.12 Software Version Customer may experience one or more of the following: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone when trying to

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Update from LR34.51 to LR35.41 Software Version Customer may experience one or more of the following: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone when trying to

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Update from QR39.5 to QR40.11 Software Version Customer may experience one or more of the following: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone when trying to co

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Updating to QR40.12 Software Version Customers may experience one or more of the following: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone, when trying to connect to

353500 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)

Navigation (NAV) Reboot When MOTA Fails The customer may describe one of more of the following: ? Radio navigation continues to reboot after a Map Update (MOTA). ? Navigation regularly cuts out and back on again. ? Radio switches to nav

111000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V BATTERY

Start Stop Charging Warning Lamp Illuminated On, Intelligent Battery Sensor (IBS) State of Charge (SOC) Inaccurate, Battery Charging Message, Presence of IBS related Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), or Battery Warning Lamp On

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Update to LR34.31 to LR35.41 Software Version Customers may experience one or more of the following: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone when trying to co

980000 UNKNOWN OR OTHER

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Update to Q339.3 to QR39.62 Software Version Customers may experience one or more of the following: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone when trying to con

980000 UNKNOWN OR OTHER

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

980000 UNKNOWN OR OTHER

Radio Over The Air Updating From QR39.6 to QR40.12 Software Version Customers may experience one or more of the following symptoms: ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone when

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

020000 SUSPENSION

LIFTER, Hydraulic Roller Deactivating Please do not replace MDS lifters because the disconnecting pin is not lined up, this is normal and not a defect.

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Connector kit Before ordering this connector repair kit 68018957A$, check it in the Mopar Connector Repair Kit Website to confirm part number and applicability. There is an error with the wiring diagrams in Service Library that is causing

114000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING

063100 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:EXHAUST SYSTEM:EMISSION CONTROL

Emissions Recall 06A - Vehicle Emission Control Information Label

355100 EQUIPMENT:OTHER:LABELS

Emissions Recall 06A - Vehicle Emission Control Information Label

063100 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:EXHAUST SYSTEM:EMISSION CONTROL

Emissions Recall 06A - Vehicle Emission Control Information Label

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Wireless Qi Charger Not Charging

353000 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL

Wireless Qi Charger Not Charging

070000 FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE

FCA Caribbean Warranty Bulletin ID-22-22 - (X97) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Select 2021 - 2022 Ram 2500 Pickup (DJ), 2021 - 2022 Ram 3500 Cab Chassis (DD), 2021 - 2022 Ram 3500 Pickup (D2) and 2021 - 2022 Ram 4500/5500 Cab Chassis (DP)

080000 FUEL SYSTEM, DIESEL

Warranty Bulletin D-22-16 - (X97) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Select 2021 - 2022 Ram 2500 Pickup (DJ), 2021 - 2022 Ram 3500 Cab Chassis (DD), 2021 - 2022 Ram 3500 Pickup (D2) and 2021 - 2022 Ram 4500/5500 Cab Chassis (DP) (Rev. A)

080000 FUEL SYSTEM, DIESEL

355200 EQUIPMENT:OTHER:OWNERS/SERVICE/OTHER MANUAL

FCA Caribbean Warranty Bulletin ID-23-20 "Can / Am" Warranty Coverage - 594 / 595 / 596 WCC

355200 EQUIPMENT:OTHER:OWNERS/SERVICE/OTHER MANUAL

Warranty Bulletin D-16-03 - "Can / Am" Warranty Coverage - 594 / 595 / 596 WCC (Rev. B)

138000 VISIBILITY:DEFROSTER/DEFOGGER/HVAC SYSTEM

A/C Diagnostic LOP Change

080000 FUEL SYSTEM, DIESEL

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) - X97 Warranty Extension Installation of Particulate Matter (PM) sensor.

063000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:EXHAUST SYSTEM

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) - X97 Warranty Extension Installation of Particulate Matter (PM) sensor.

284100 BACK OVER PREVENTION:DISPLAY FUNCTION

Back-Up Camera Inoperative Complaints, Radio Display Blue or Blank When Placed in Reverse

280000 BACK OVER PREVENTION

Back-Up Camera Inoperative Complaints, Radio Display Blue or Blank When Placed in Reverse

346000 COMMUNICATION:MANUFACTURER TELEMATICS

Apple CarPlay Does Not Work Or Not Connecting

980000 UNKNOWN OR OTHER

Apple CarPlay Does Not Work Or Not Connecting

063100 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:EXHAUST SYSTEM:EMISSION CONTROL

Emission Recall Y43 - Particulate Matter Sensor (Date on document incorrectly states "July 2023")

355200 EQUIPMENT:OTHER:OWNERS/SERVICE/OTHER MANUAL

Lubrication and Maintenance Fluids If MOPAR fluids and chemicals are not readily available, please review Service Library for specifications so a suitable alternative can be used

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

Customer Satisfaction Notification ZD7 - Radio Software update

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

Radio Over The Air Updating to QR40.12 Software Version ? Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives "No Internet" connection message on phone, when trying to connect to a device. This bulletin provides information regarding t

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

060000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING

Squeak, Chirp, Or Tick Noise From The Serpentine Belt Area. Additional Diagnostics.

033100 SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:VACUUM

PUMP, Vacuum For DTC Code P258B - ELECTRONIC VACUUM PUMP PERFORMANCE. Due to brake vacuum pumps returned with trouble not found, please follow the proper diagnostics outline in the service library this also includes checking all electrical

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

030000 BRAKES (PWS)

114710 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING:CONNECTORS/PLUGS:ACCESORY POWER OUTLET/JACK/PORT/USB/SAE/CIGARETTE LIGHTER

USB Hub In-Operable

353000 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL

Wireless Qi Charger Not Charging

060000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING

6.7L New Oil Usage Information Incorrect oil used. This bulletin provides information regarding the correct oil grade to use on the 6.7L Cummins used in the 2023 to 2013 HD Trucks. The following information is intended to eliminate confusi

138000 VISIBILITY:DEFROSTER/DEFOGGER/HVAC SYSTEM

A/C Diagnostic LOP Change (Except Alfa Romeo Vehicles)

100000 POWER TRAIN

Clicking Noise While In 4wd Ratcheting, Click, or Clicking noise in 4WD while turning. This bulletin involves replacing the front driveshaft.

060000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING

Clicking Noise While In 4wd Ratcheting, Click, or Clicking noise in 4WD while turning. This bulletin involves replacing the front driveshaft.

162100 STRUCTURE:BODY:STEP/LADDER

Power Side Steps Reverse, Stop In Motion, And/Or Do Not Deploy Or Stow

980000 UNKNOWN OR OTHER

Power Side Steps Reverse, Stop In Motion, And/Or Do Not Deploy Or Stow

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

Customer Satisfaction Notification ZD7 - Radio Software Update

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Customer Satisfaction Notification ZD7 - Radio Software Update

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Updating from PR39.92 to PR40.12 Software Version ? Radio Wi-Fi Hotspot connection not working. This bulletin provides information regarding the latest Firmware Over The Air (FOTA) update and provides the service technic

980000 UNKNOWN OR OTHER

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

118000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE

Customer Satisfaction Notification ZD7 - Radio Software Update

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

Customer Satisfaction Notification ZD7 - Radio Software Update

100000 POWER TRAIN

Flash: Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Updates Customers may experience a Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) illumination. Upon further investigation the technician may find that one or more of the following Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC)s h

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

353610 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:INFOTAINMENT:SOFTWARE

SOS, Assistance Calls Not Successful After Radio Replacement or Radio Software Update

353600 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:INFOTAINMENT

SOS, Assistance Calls Not Successful After Radio Replacement or Radio Software Update

060000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING

Water Quality When Mixed With Engine Coolant

100000 POWER TRAIN

Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) Illumination And Transmission Harsh Shift. Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) P2701 ? Transmission Friction Element ?B? Apply Time Range/Performance, Set.

135000 VISIBILITY:REARVIEW MIRRORS/DEVICES

Mirror

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Ambient Air Temperature Missing, Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) Lamp On, Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) P0070-15 Ambient Air Temperature Sensor Circuit-Circuit Short to Battery or Open, P0073 Ambient Air Temperature Sensor Circuit High

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Ambient Temperature Sensor Servicing.

350000 EQUIPMENT

wiTECH Small Leak Verification Test (SLVT) - P0456-EVAP SYSTEM SMALL LEAK

060000 ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING

wiTECH Small Leak Verification Test (SLVT) - P0456-EVAP SYSTEM SMALL LEAK

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Fluid Freezing Customers may experience a Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) illumination. Upon further investigation the technician may find the following Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) has been set: ? P203E-00 - R

280100 BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Updating to QR40.12 Software Version Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. ? Hotspot gives 9No Internet9 connection message on phone, when trying to connect to a device. This bulletin provides information regarding t

350000 EQUIPMENT

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Radio Remained On After Ignition Is Switched Off, Dead Battery From Excessive Radio Current Draw

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Radio Remained On After Ignition Is Switched Off, Dead Battery From Excessive Radio Current Draw

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

280000 BACK OVER PREVENTION

Flash: Powertrain Control Module (PCM) Updates Customer or technician may experience the following: ? High frequency exhaust noise at idle after cold start. ? Power Take Off (PTO) disable to high engine oil temperature. ? Multiple Displace

140000 AIR BAGS

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

100000 POWER TRAIN

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

140000 AIR BAGS

280000 BACK OVER PREVENTION

Backup Camera Blue Screen After Flat Bed Install

355200 EQUIPMENT:OTHER:OWNERS/SERVICE/OTHER MANUAL

Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) P1400 ? Aftermarket Calibration Detected/Warranty Coverage Confirmation Required, Setting Falsely.

280100 BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWARE

Radio Over The Air Updating to 40.12 Software Version Mobile Wi-Fi inoperative upon start up. Hotspot gives 9No Internet9 connection message on phone when trying to connect to a device. This bulletin provides information regarding the late

050000 PARKING BRAKE

Outside Power Fold Rearview Mirror Noise Or Loose At Pivot. Mirror Contacts Door Window Glass In The Folded Position.

100000 POWER TRAIN

Outside Power Fold Rearview Mirror Noise Or Loose At Pivot. Mirror Contacts Door Window Glass In The Folded Position.

130000 VISIBILITY

Outside Power Fold Rearview Mirror Noise Or Loose At Pivot. Mirror Contacts Door Window Glass In The Folded Position.

180000 VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL

Outside Power Fold Rearview Mirror Noise Or Loose At Pivot. Mirror Contacts Door Window Glass In The Folded Position.

280000 BACK OVER PREVENTION

Outside Power Fold Rearview Mirror Noise Or Loose At Pivot. Mirror Contacts Door Window Glass In The Folded Position.

353400 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL:RADIO/TAPE DECK/CD ETC.

Radio Over The Air Updating to 39.92 Software Version Text displayed on radio ?Installing pop up message? for entire key cycle. Improper NAV search results. Lost SXM presets after remote start through Uconnect app. Rear shelf speaker crack

353000 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL

Washer Light On And Will Not Turn Off After Adding Washer Solvent.

353000 EQUIPMENT:ELECTRICAL

Customer Indicates Heat Is Blowing Warm Not Hot.

120000 EXTERIOR LIGHTING

Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) Illumination. NOx Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) Diagnosis Information.

280000 BACK OVER PREVENTION

Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) Illumination. NOx Sensor Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) Diagnosis Information.

071200 FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:STORAGE:AUXILLARY TANK

Upgrading To A Larger Capacity Fuel Tanks

200000 WHEELS

UAV and UCV Radio Enhancements Customers may experience one or more of the following: ? **Wi-Fi hotspot connection failure. ? Speaker popping, crackle noise during Voice Recognition (VR) response and navigation guidance. ? Mobile Station I

110000 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Showing 100 of 591 bulletins.

NHTSA Safety Investigations, RAM 2500

Investigations opened by NHTSA into potential safety defects. These are separate from recalls and may or may not result in a recall.

PE, Closed , Model Year: 2017

Loss of Brake Performance

The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened this investigation on November 28, 2022, after receiving 134 reports from consumers alleging an intermittent or permanent loss of braking performance in certain 2017-2018 Ram 2500-3500 pickup trucks manufactured by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA). The... alleged failures continued to occur at a steady rate across both models, at all speeds, with limited detectability. Consumers complained that the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) warning light illuminated on their vehicles. The ABS module works in conjunction with the Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU), an electromechanical device that controls hydraulic pressure to the individual wheel brake assemblies, to manage braking forces during emergency stops. During this investigation, ODI received over 2,500 consumer complaints concerning ABS or HCU warning lights that illuminated on the dashboards of their vehicles. Many consumers described also having trouble with cruise control, traction control, or electronic stability control. Of the complaints received, over 50% mentioned that the ABS or HCU warning light was intermittent in nature. ODI learned that in January 2021, FCA was aware of a problem with the ABS pump motors on the subject vehicles. FCA had been working with the supplier, ZF, on an issue concerning swelling of the brushes inside the motor. According to a briefing given by ZF to FCA on January 15, 2021, the ABS, electronic stability control (ESC), traction control system (TSC) and other functions utilizing the motor would be disabled in the event of a problem with an ABS pump motor. ZF also informed FCA that Slip Control would be inhibited with the driver warning lamp illuminated, base braking would not be affected, and FMVSS stopping distance requirements would still be met. In order to better understand the potential consequences of the brushes swelling and the disablement of the ABS, ESC, TSC and other functions, ODI requested that NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) conduct testing on a subject vehicle with a faulty pump motor installed. During the testing, VRTC found that as the brushes started to swell in the motor, the warning lamp could illuminate intermittently, causing confusion to drivers. Although the warning light illuminated intermittently, VRTC discovered that the pump was not working properly regardless of the warning light status. In this condition drivers might think that their vehicle is operating normally when the warning light is off, but instead, the ABS, ESC, TSC and other functions supported by the pump will not work. Following a series of meetings with FCA to demonstrate the findings ofVRTC's testing, FCA conducted an internal review and on November 27, 2024, FCA submitted safety recalls 24V-896 and 24E-100. In view of the recalls being conducted by FCA, ODI has closed this Preliminary Evaluation. The Agency reserves the right to take additional action if warranted by future circumstances. To review the ODI reports cited in the Closing Resume ODI Report Identification Number document, go to NHTSA.gov.Read more

PE, Closed , Model Year: 2019

High pressure fuel pump failure

The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened PE21-021 on October 14, 2021 to investigate allegations of stall/loss of motive power as a result of high pressure fuel pump failures in certain model year (MY) 2019-2020 RAM 2500, 3500, 4500, and 5500 heavy duty trucks equipped with 6.7L Cummins turb... odiesel engines.On November 12, 2021, FCA filed vehicle recall 21V-880 and equipment recall 21E-094 on the subject population, identifying an `internally failed component? of the high pressure fuel pump equipped on the 6.7L Cummins Turbodiesel engine that introduced debris into the fuel system potentially causing fuel starvation and consequently an unexpected loss of motive power. Discussions with FCA identified the high pressure fuel pump equipped on these vehicles as the Bosch-supplied CP4. On December 16, 2021, Bosch filed recall 21E-101, stating the pump failure was a consequence of a manufacturer application-specific fuel system design.NHTSA subsequently identified recall 21V-586 involving loss of motive power due to failed CP4 fuel pumps on certain BMW vehicles.As a result of having received multiple recalls related to a common component, from two separate vehicle manufacturers, NHTSA?s focus shifted to determine if the related defect allegation was limited in scope to the recalled population. In early 2022, information request letters were sent to FCA and BMW to determine the root cause and consequentially identify the proper scope of potentially defective vehicles. After ODI received their information request response, FCA filed recalls 22V-406, 22E-048, 22V-767, and 22E-087. During review of information request response materials, NHTSA determined that sufficient information to identify a comprehensive recall population could not be produced by FCA or BMW. On March 17, 2023, this Preliminary Evaluation was upgraded to an Engineering Analysis (EA23-001), expanding the scope to include the Tier-one supplier and any manufacturer who equipped or installed similar high pressure fuel pumps subject to the failures observed in the recall population.The ODI reports cited above can be reviewed at: http://www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov/owners/SearchNHTSAID using the following complaint identification numbers: 11351441, 11361603, 11361616, 11365300, 11365426, 11365858, 11366401, 11372337, 11373793, 11374797, 11376793, 11378173, 11384377, 11386063, 11387018, 11399710, 11402550, 11415339, 11418868, 11418870, 11427075, 11434276, 11436807, 11437226, 11437249, 11437273, 11437292, 11437294, 11437394, 11437399, 11437403, 11437405, 11437423, 11437528, 11437565, 11437579, 11437580, 11437590, 11437679, 11437744, 11437781, 11437842, 11437993, 11438006, 11438008, 11438121, 11438138, 11438155, 11438392, 11438629, 11439359, 11439879, 11440397, 11443030, 11448163, 11458918, 11460558Read more

EA, Closed , Model Year: 2014

Steering loss due to linkage separation

On December 17, 2018, NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened Preliminary Evaluation PE18016 to investigate alleged drag link failures in the steering system on model year (MY) 2015 and 2016 Ram 2500 trucks manufactured by FCA US, LLC (FCA). The drag link failures were found to be due... to a safety defect with the steering linkage where the drag link adjustable connector (used to adjust the steering system), held in position by two opposing jam nuts, can loosen. The loosening of this part can lead to wear and deterioration of the threads and eventual separation of the drag link, causing loss of steering. During the course of PE18016, it was found that two styles of drag link were used by FCA on the subject vehicles. The subject vehicles consist of two drivetrain types including four-wheel drive (4WD) and two-wheel drive (2WD). The 4WD and 2WD trucks used drag links of differing design but both incorporated the same threaded connector. In January 2019 FCA issued recall 19V-021 to address a potential loss of steering control in certain Model Year (MY) 2013-2018 4WD RAM 2500 and 3500 trucks. The trucks using the 2WD style drag link were not included in the scope of recall 19V-021. ODI upgraded PE18016 to an Engineering Analysis EA19004 on December 12, 2019. The purpose of EA19004 was to investigate if the root cause of the safety defect addressed by recall 19V-201 also affected the 2WD trucks and evaluate FCA’s rationale for not including them. ODI also monitored incoming consumer complaints regarding the remedy associated with 19V-021 and evaluated the suitability and long-term effectiveness of the prescribed repair. In the Defect Information Report submitted for recall 19V-021, FCA stated that the outboard jam nut could loosen and result in damage to the threading of the steering drag link connector. This could cause a separation in the drag link resulting in a loss of steering control. FCA determined that only the 4WD style drag link was affected and did not recall trucks with the 2WD style drag link due to design differences that made it unsusceptible to this failure mode. The repair remedy called for the steering coupler to be tightened to the proper torque prior to the jam nut being spot welded to the coupler body. If the coupler has already become detached or correct torque cannot be obtained, the drag link is to be replaced with an updated unit that went into production on the MY2019 RAM trucks.This updated unit uses a clamp to secure the coupler in place of the jam nuts used on original style components. In order to determine if the 2WD drag link was susceptible to the same defect found on the 4WD vehicles, ODI requested that our Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) conduct testing on both RAM 2500 4WD and 2WD trucks. This testing was to determine operating conditions that might lead to loosened jam nuts of the recalled 4WD design and recreate these conditions on the 2WD vehicles to discover whether the 2WD design would also experience the loosening defect. Results from VRTC’s dynamic testing indicated that when the jam nuts are significantly under-torqued, they may loosen further from regular vehicle operation on the 4WD vehicles. Further, VRTC testing does not refute FCA’s assertion that the failure mechanism does not exist in the 2WD steering system. At the time of this closing resume, ODI has only received two allegations of drag link separation on 2WDvehicles.Neither could be validated as resulting from loose jam nuts. Since the release of recall 19V-021 ODI has received consumer complaints regarding the appearance of the spot weld applied to the defective drag link and the inability to have the steering properly aligned after welding of the jam nut. In September 2023, FCA provided owners with a supplemental Vehicle Alignment Clarification notification that provided information on an updated alignment procedure. Regarding the spot weld remedy used on the 4WD vehicles, ODI is concerned about the remedy in that during an alignment by a non-dealer repair facility, the spot weld might not be replaced after the alignment. To date there is no complaint trend of post alignment drag link separations, weld failures or other safety related incidents on remedied vehicles. This investigation is being closed with no further action. The closing of this investigation does not constitute a finding by NHTSA that a safety-related defect does not exist. The Agency reserves the right to take additional action if warranted by future circumstances.Read more

PE, Closed , Model Year: 2013

Steering loss due to linkage separation

On December 17, 2018, NHTSA's Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened Preliminary Evaluation (PE) 18-016 to investigate the steering system on model year (MY) 2015 and 2016 Ram 2500 manufactured by FCA US, LLC (FCA). Four complaints were received alleging separation of the drag link, a steering... linkage that connects between the right front steering knuckle and the pitman arm on the steering box output shaft. The failures were found to be at a threaded coupler within the drag link used for adjusting the length of the linkage during routine maintenance (alignment) of the steering system.Once separation occurs, turning the steering wheel has no effect, and there is no way for the driver to control or maintain the direction of the vehicle. During the investigation, it was determined that the same threaded coupler was used on two different drag link designs FCA manufactured on MY 2013-2018 Ram 2500 and 3500 pickups. FCA refers to the designs as either 4x2 or 4x4 style. In both designs, the coupler is prevented from turning on the drag link via two jam nuts that are tightened against the coupler. In its response to NHTSA's March 15, 2019, Information Request (IR) letter, FCA identified 48 incidents alleging separation of the steering linkage at the coupler resulting in a loss of steering control. Of those, 13 involved a crash, one of which resulted in an injury. All of the separations involved the 4x4 style drag link. Additionally, FCA's IR response refers to over 300 4x4 style equipped vehicles that experienced, or may have experienced loosening of one or more coupler jam nuts. On January 25, 2019, FCA submitted a Defect Information Report (DIR) initiating NHTSA Recall No. 19V-021. In its DIR, FCA stated that the outboard jam nut in certain MY 2013-2018 Ram 2500 and 3500 could loosen potentially resulting in damage to the coupler and/or drag link threading allowing one end of the drag link to separate. The DIR notes that drag link separation results in loss of steering control, which in turn can cause a crash without warning. FCA's DIR did not identify a root cause for the defect, however it posits that an improperly torqued outboard jam nut could loosen, and with long-term vehicle use, cause damage to the outer link bar and/or coupler threads due to relative motion between the two components. The scope of Recall 19V-021 included vehicles with the 4x4 style drag link only. Also discussed in its IR response, FCA noted that the 4x2 style drag link contains a design difference (the outboard portion of the drag link is straight while the 4x4 style contains a bend) which it suggests may result in differences in the mechanical (bending) loads presented at the coupler and jam nut interface. Moreover, the DIR states that While root cause of the 4x4 style defect has not been established, FCA US believes that bending loads on the drag link is, at least, a causal contributing factor. FCA notes it did not identify any reports alleging 4x2 style separation as well as only three reports of loosening of jam nuts, two of which resulted in loosening that provided obvious warning to the vehicle operator, indicating a different failure mode.NHTSA is upgrading this investigation to Engineering Analysis (EA) 19-004 in order to continue to monitor the subject 4x2 style vehicles for evidence of field failures. Additionally, in conjunction with NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center, ODI intends to more thoroughly study potential root cause(s) of the 4x4 style defect mechanism, and if identified, will seek to determine if the 4x2 drag link is susceptible to the same mechanism(s). NHTSA will also evaluate the long-term suitability of the recallRead more

RAM 2500 - All Years Overview

Complete safety history for the RAM 2500 across all model years (2009, 2026).

156 Total Recalls

7,796 Total Complaints

4 Investigations

352 Reported Crashes

129 Reported Fires

5 Reported Deaths

RAM 2500 - Year by Year

Compare recalls and complaints across model years. Click any year to see full details.

Year	Recalls	Complaints
2026	7	38	View
2025	6	103	View
2024	5	79	View
2023	8	65	View
2022	12	275	View
2021 (current)	8	162
2020	10	233	View
2019	12	271	View
2018	10	3,804	View
2017	12	1,025	View
2016	14	374	View
2015	15	289	View
2014	16	484	View
2013	16	273	View
2010	4	309	View
2009	1	12	View

Other RAM Models

Model	Recalls	Complaints
3500	357	3,389	View
1500	324	16,135	View
PROMASTER	176	777	View
5500	163	198	View
4500	162	64	View
PROMASTER CITY	46	139	View
C/V TRADESMAN	5	14	View
3500 CAB CHASSIS	2	4	View

Vehicle Safety

Consumer Safety

Infrastructure

Public Health

2021 RAM 2500

Complaint Statistics

Top Reported Components

NHTSA Safety Ratings, 2021 RAM 2500

Safety Technology

Technical Service Bulletins, 2021 RAM 2500

Most Affected Components

NHTSA Safety Investigations, RAM 2500

RAM 2500 - All Years Overview

RAM 2500 - Year by Year

Other RAM Models